Author: Hanna Carlsson

Abstract: The subject of this master thesis concerns the area of change in libraries, with special orientation towards privatization. Its aim is to investigate how privatization is portrayed in one of Sweden’s largest library magazines, Biblioteksbladet, in order to gain insight into why these portrayals are what they are, and what consequences they might get. Three theoretical viewpoints create the general base of the thesis; first, Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) theory on the relations between text and society; second, Audunsson’s theory concerning how change is dealt with in public libraries; and third, a conceptual framework on privatisation consisting of definitions and perspectives of the phenomenon. Fairclough’s CDA is also used as the methodological approach for this study. The analysis has evolved around four analytical strategies, namely wordmeanings, modality, metaphors and interactional control. These strategies have unveiled different sides of the depiction of privatisation, where four dominating portrayals could be seen. These portrayals were named as follows: privatisation as leaving the past, as a matter of basic values, as a matter of economy and as a debate. The material also showed a division in different perspectives, where the advocating and the questioning perspective dominated. These perspectives could be seen in the various portrayals of privatisation, where privatisation as leaving the past was exclusively advocating while privatisation as a matter of basic values was strictly questioning. This emphasized the importance of library values when it comes to the attitude towards change.

1 Introduction
The libraries’ existence has long seemed self-evident, but various suggestions and elements of debate and research on Swedish libraries, sometimes cause for concern. Conditionality of today’s public libraries seem to increase, as well as the requirements and expectations for change and development. Change and development in itself is factors that are neither negative or alarming, but rather a channel of improvement. The issues, however, seems to hang over the libraries in Sweden this discussion is: How much can a business change without losing its original purpose? Is change really a good thing? In recent years, since Diesel Works Town Library was transferred from municipal operations to staff of cooperatives, has just become a factor privatization force to be reckoned with in the debate the libraries development and change. While privatization of library but also, in general, has been so insistent advocate “in other parts of an uncertainty about what change in the form of alternative modes of operation with it. This creates complications and conflicts, and libraries of Sweden and its involvement with reading interest in what is written on the subject. The voices and opinions heard in this kind of discussions may thus often great momentum and has every opportunity to influence the general approach to, in this case, the privatization phenomenon. I would therefore like to This paper examines how the privatization of the library obtained in trade-related journals.

1.1 Change in then and now
Developments in recent years are not the only examples of the relatively drastic change proposed in the Swedish library operations. Nor is it a new phenomena that change is being resisted. This section deals with how the situation Swedish library looked at the turn of the century, linked to current events.

1.1.1 Changes to disclosure
Although the library’s existence has long been considered self-evident, so has its mode of operation is not always been there. Here is an explanation of the emergence of today’s traditional mode of operation, the publicly-controlled library. Today’s public libraries have their origin in the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of public libraries, as long as was a relatively wide concepts. It represented the publicly accessible library in contrast to the closed privately owned. Around the mid-1800s, however, developed a library was marked by some specific features, such as possession of both the reference stocks and for lending, public finance, focusing on all groups of society and a base in legislation. The first library that met these requirements was the Boston Public Library (BPL), which was established in 1854 after a number of less successful attempts to merge libraries, and where the funding was both private and municipal. What made Boston unique was that they were the first to found a library of a law, which meant the possibility that the collection of taxes to support library activities. At this point differed the library before BPL operated municipal and offered free lending to allmanheten.1
1 Torstensson, Magnus (1996). To analyze the breakthrough of the modern public library ideas. The example of Sweden and some comparisons with the United States, p. 16 et subseq.

The introduction of this library structure in Sweden began using Valfrid Palmgren. She visited during the autumn of 1907 the United States to study their public library ideas and then worked for their inclusion in Sverige.2 Library activities Sweden around the turn of the century was divided and looked very different at various libraries, Palmgren and proposed a merger of the various systemen.3 She also drew attention to contemporary Swedish public libraries only addressed groups of lower education, and hence automatically got to keep a relatively low level in various fields. Palmgren 1911 came with its proposal, which she advocates a Development of the American ideerna.4

It previously had brought the greatest resistance for development of the early Swedish public libraries, who then called the parish library and founded the church, were the claims on the government grants. It was considered inappropriate that the state would interfere in libraries frågor.5 libraries could be controlled independently of its watchful eye, and all the motions of this kind was rejected. Torstensson think this may be due to the information to different sectors of society were perceived to have. There was then a clearer border between the municipality and the state, where the former belonged to a much more privacy than in current situation. It was associated with a new perspective on the relationship between state and Municipality, where the boundary between them became less sharp, as a shift towards State library aid could urskiljas.6 until 1905 was the first regulation State aid to public libraries, and this came to be developed over the years gång.7 Man had still not produced a homogeneous public public library system. A pretext was 1912, when state aid rules, based on the Palmgren proposal, was so only a library system in every municipality in addition to study circle libraries receiving grants. (Some study circle libraries were not linked to the municipal libraries until the 1960s). 1912 regulation led to the all library services in the coming decades, merged and became a municipal bibliotekssystem.8 The decades that this process took a total of showing the reluctance in existence.

1.1.2 Changes in private
The ideas and debate on privatization of public enterprises began to take effect on 1980s, as a result of the Lundqvist called “prosperity leghold traps’ .9 Although the Government spending increased so did not increase its services, or productivity. Man would rather see a declining trend, and a certain inertia in the bureaucratic paradigm public governance became more and more tangible. This was an international trend and same thoughts on solutions to the problem began to take shape in many parts of the world where the public sector was regarded as the problem rather than lösningen.10 A measure recruited supporters was that some tasks traditionally handled exclusively public would be moved from the public. This is taken up in particular in the U.S. and Great Britain by President Carter and Margaret Thatcher, both of which effected the various plans for relief from the public sektorn.11

Sweden was characterized during this time by a strained and “overheated” ekonomi.12 Tax cuts and became a fact, which was manifested in particular in the municipal organization. It began talks about a system change and cuts in public sektor.13 Sweden’s municipalities began to explore options would allow for higher efficiency and lower costs, and such an option was to move some municipal activities and services to the private sector. The result was a decline of public service share in GDP (GDP) with a total of 10 percent.14 What in the library context was to be the most embraced the strategy of this kind of operation was the work shift.

The starting shot for the debate on privatization of libraries in the 1990s, and for the wave of contracts that took place during those years, was Åre Municipality library construction. This began in the autumn of 1990 when agreement was reached on the operation of activity would shift to the contractor biblioteksverksamhet Nordic AB. This entered into force for New Year’s Eve shift. Operations returned due. bankruptcy of municipal service just before the end 1991/1992.15 Although construction example in are has become the most famous experiment in the 1990s initiated a number of operational transitions during the following years. 1991 was a library of iron in Sodertalje outsourced, and the year then the library in Påarp and Municipal District Library in Gown. Other places construction of the library was carried out was Rundvik, Hällefors, Vivalla, Tillberga and Linghem.16

The debate and the writing on outsourcing outsourcing slowed somewhat in the late 90 — century and the beginning of the 2000s, but more privatization forms of libraries was none less. 2007 was driven 19 out of Sweden about 2200 public libraries with options driftform17, and new reports will periodically on the municipalities where the plans of other modes exist. The discussion got a boost in 2005 when the staff at Library of Cultural Dieselverkstan in Nacka, then took the initiative to drive library for its own power. Uppsala municipality imposing challenge right after the end of 2007 brought although it is a debate that rolled in when the company Subitus (later Swedish company AB book loans) a year later put in an application to run Libraries in Sollentuna, Enköping and Uppsala.18 Swedish book loans have since been added presented its proposal for an additional couple of municipalities. So far, four out of five municipalities declined and discussion fortsätter.19

1.2 Problem Description
The problem that this thesis most Assuming is the tension that I experience surrounding the change in the form of privatization. As clarified in previous section has a change of modes of operation at libraries occurred sooner, and the fact that a change in today’s traditional mode of operation, met with such resistance around last turn of the century, suggesting that it might be a change factor is more the mode of operation in itself which is the reason for these counter-reactions. In light of this, Goran Bosted analysis of
privatization experiment in Åre illustrate the need for this phenomenon be addressed.

Bostedt concluded that the changes achieved in the activity would be achieved even in public governance. The essence is therefore not in themselves mode of operation, but in the fact that there seems to be a beneficial result of the change in organization in a verksamhet.20 Several studies point to the same resultat.21 If case it becomes relevant to examine how changes in libraries are produced and treated, and in particular a form of change as previously encountered resistance. The possibility exists that the Library of Sweden by any such reluctance to change shooting itself in the foot. Change in the form of privatization is a trend that has been initiated, implemented and discussed in many areas, and the phenomenon of constantly faced very different if not quite opposite ideological imprint settings, where one side gives its wholehearted support and confidence, while the other resisted and raging over its principles. I understand this pattern of opposites who constantly recurring and almost inevitable in the context of the privatization discussion on some level. The pattern seems to also be more or less permanent. Although the new reports on implementations of privatization, successful or unsuccessful, always will and raises more nuanced images of privatization meaning and consequences, there remains the opposites which, in light of the body of knowledge on various modes, can be argued to be a little extreme. It is therefore my opinion that privatization concept involves a certain tension, which in some cases may lead relatively bitter debates on the issue. So the case has also been associated with privatization efforts in the library sector, where such work in Åre received much media attention, often in either direction strongly evaluative one.

So what is the problem of this? I would think that these opposite preferences can be logical and reasonable arguments both for and against privatization, but still settings characterized by a kind of tunnel vision which lies in the way of an objective and sensible approach. Neither the risks or the potential of privatization can be seriously be heard unless these polarized settings, start-up and less dramatic. It is also pertinent to address the root of the grounds upon which these preferences are, to thus be able to build new, more nuanced and creative ability (and perhaps for the opposite poles common) grounds.

Against this background it can be to look at the problem in the fact that the media role is so compelling in these matters. In the case Åre was the media a picture of what Privatization means, which in several cases found directly affect attitudes and expectations for the drive. Arguments of this kind has also been used by Swedish Book loans side to try to explain the lack of interest in outsourcing contract, which believe that the media’s image influenced beslutsfattarna.22 If the tense contrast patterns, which mentioned above, are repeated in the media is perhaps unnecessary to suspect that these attitudes about privatization and its potential for library activities will be not only embraced but also reinforced and disseminated of readers. Media representations, thereby affecting readers, while readers perspectives and preferences are reproduced in the media. The dialectical relationship between text and its surroundings are of great relevance in this problem area.

Finally, another significant problem in this subject, and it affects the lack of access to the Swedish research both in the privatization of libraries in general but also on the settings that are around the phenomenon and the phenomenon is produced in different contexts. During the 90s, several reports were written in the subject and surveys were made in response to the (sometimes more, sometimes less) high-profile construction trials carried out. In the 2000s, however, effort is made, and although the debate and discussion on these has been lacking so has been surprisingly little research on privatization phenomenon in and around the library recent years been made. This is a research gap that needs to be filled in order to urge to critical thinking and promote informed decisions and positions on the issue.

1.3 Purpose and questions
The purpose of this essay is to examine how the privatization of the library obtained in professional journal Biblioteksbladet, what these representations depends on and what they can might be taken. To meet this, I will assume the following questions:
1) How is the privatization of libraries in today Biblioteksbladet?
2) What is the dominant privatization discourse out based on these requests?
3) How can one explain the outcome of the above issues based on the theoretical framework?
4) With what arguments they can petition the privatization of libraries, said libraries have an impact on business development?

1.3.1 Definitions and concepts
In order to clarify the report’s purpose and the issues I describe here a couple of definitions and concepts that are central to these sections.
Requests: The requests referred to the concept of privatization pictorial meaning, i.e. not how privatization is produced, but rather how it is spoken and defined in the text, both directly and indirectly. This refers, in other words not only how the privatization phenomenon described, but also how such is questioned or advocated.
Dominant privatization discourse: This term refers to what will later defined as large discourses, which accounts for more global discourses over common (less) diskurser.23
Privatization: The concept of privatization includes in addition to all privatization activity also Representations of privatization, such as a specific attempt at privatization or specific biblioteksentreprenör.24
There are also a number of concepts that recur during the report’s time, whose meanings can be a bit ambiguous. The following describes what is meant by these concepts. Concepts that are directly related to theoretical or methodological starting points, however, be addressed in each section.

Field / perspective: The report’s analysis and discussion are referred to various fields that emerged in material. These fields correspond to (three) comprehensive perspective found. For this reason used the concepts of field and perspective in this context, at times interchangeably.
Values: This term refers to the common norms and values on which an organization builds. These may include phenomena such as the organization’s mission, values, identity, responsibility, and aspects of professional capacity and quality etc.25

1.3.2 Delimitations
For the essay should be practical and clear need for some boundaries. The Perhaps most defining choice of professional journals and time for this. Today there are a limited number of national well-established journals with direct link for library services in Sweden. My original idea was to base the paper on three such tidskrifter26, but where the material proved to be too large and cumbersome chose I will focus on a journal (Biblioteksbladet, BBL). BBL was selected as the Swedish library context, the most central magazine, based on that it is one of the few Swedish magazines focusing solely on library-related issues. The also holds a central role in current Swedish Library Association’s own publication. I have also defined the time from which the journal has been investigated. This period has been defined for the last five years, this partly because the study size but also because of the study focus. The essay has a contemporary focus and will thus look at today’s production of privatization, and for this reason has not No journal published earlier than 2004 were examined. An alternative possibility was been to base the investigation of 2000s magazines, as some studies made of the 1990s debate. This had resulted in excessive empirical basis.

In addition to these aspects can also be the material that goes beyond five years considered less useful for a study focusing on the present and look forward in development.

1.3.3 Outline
The purpose of section 1 and subsection is to provide an input on the subject and provide reader with a sufficiently solid foundation, for future sections will be well understood and put into relevant context.

In section 2 describes the mode of knowledge which forms the basis for and are relevant for the paper. This section has been divided into sections in order to clarify the subjects within which research should be. Section 3 covers the theoretical framework within which the essay is well on the reasoning in the paper is based. Although this section is divided into three subsections, in accordance with the theoretical areas such as the theory consists of. Essay methodological basis discussed in Section 4, where the choice of method is justified and in which the methodological steps described. The section also contains descriptions and reflections on the selection, the research role and reliability. In Section 5 presents the analysis and its results, including tables and support from the material. The section closes with a summary, in order to draw together the threads for the subsequent discussion section. In Section 6 discusses the results and placed in the relevant context. This is repeated also the paper issue in the context of answering them, and the section is divided into sections according to both issues and the discourse analytical theory structure. The section is rounded with concluding remarks. Finally, it summarizes the paper in its entirety in Section 7th

2. Knowledge State
Paper spans several disciplines, each of which varies in size as the previous research and other knowledge. The research that forms the basis for This essay is thus relatively interdisciplinary. This section presents Therefore, for what is known in each area separately, according to the following themes; Public Libraries History, Privatization, and Libraries and contracts. History of public libraries and privatization thus was assigned its own section, where the latter includes the literature on various forms of competitive release of municipal operations. In response to the events that took place during 1990s are also more specific literature on the privatization of at library activities, primarily from this period but also later, in the form of studies, studies and reports. Although this area is therefore treated in a separate section.

2.1 Public libraries’ history & change
The historical aspect of Swedish libraries are relevant in most library-related studies, this essay specifically because of the changes in library activities. Already established does organizational changes similar to those being carried out and debated today implemented sooner, and then met with similar resistance. The historical context is of relevance of this thesis in connection with its slant towards change. Below is a review of the literature used as a basis for reasoning about library history and library change.

Public Libraries tanks join a Swedish library services is one of the most revolutionary change that has taken place within the library sector in Sweden. This is dealt with both clear and comprehensive library of the historian Magnus Torstensson in his avhandling.27 Torstensson both describe the events and highlights the conflicts that these thoughts brought with them, and why the changes were came to the bulkhead. While literature and kulturvetaren Sven Nilsson describes activity about these changes in library activities, and has been in the updated version of his book included the present-related developments and händelser.28

There is also literature with more specific focus on change, including Staffan Parnell’s chapter of the Libraries and the future may also include, where Parnell from Swedish Library debate depicting how the image of the future of libraries painted upp.29 Parnell notes in particular that it is possible to interpret two camps in the debate on libraries development and change, one of which is about adapting to change while the second adopts a management approach to the already existing traditions.

In the book, Libraries in a world of cultural change addresses Greenhalgh Others different change factors and their impact on libraries. 30 One factor that attention is privatization and what they call a battle between private and public which could occur over 80 – and 90’s. The authors also suggest a trend towards the dissolution of the boundary between private and public, an observation made in several håll.31

Changes in the Public Library, and what they bring with them, also discussed in Joacim Hansson’s book The local public library – change for a hundred år.32 Hansson makes links to community development and the emergence of the Information Society (of Hansson called knowledge society), and describes the public library’s journey through various roles, such as information center and library education. Hansson also writes about changing the subject in collaboration with Angela Zetterlund in the article “Public libraries ‘change’ .33 The article describes various theories of change; life-cycle theory, the theological theory of evolution, the evolutionary theory and the dialectical theory of evolution, where the latter is that change occurs in the context with conflicts between competing interests. In addition to this article compiles a large amount of research in public libraries and change. Change the library dealt with also in Lars Höglund’s article “Libraries change – a research theme “.34 Höglund viewing in a research project with 15 participating libraries on how libraries respond to change and take a Based on, among other things, Audun’s theory about change, the library rooted theory underlying this uppsats.35 Höglund come to several interesting conclusions, including that among librarians seems to be a perception that the need for change while want to stick to the Library core business.

Olaisen et.al takes a different perspective on the change of bibliotek.36 authors viewing within the organizational factors that affect libraries’ capacity to change, and argue that libraries are characterized by a system of ideology which makes them less susceptible to change based on need. The authors also highlight some of the risks surrounding stability in libraries and suggests, among other things, a certain friction between the libraries accountable to their principals and their users, which is the former rather than the latter to be rewarded and motivates.

Guy St. Clair writes in his book, Entrepreneurial Librarianship: The Key to effective information services management on the need for entrepreneurial bibliotekarieyrket.37 St. Clair argues that the profession tends to replicate the old patterns and QUIBBLE more risk-taking approach that enables change. St. Clair, however, speaks primarily on library information services and it becomes not whether libraries other, less information is embossed roles, included in this or not taken in regard. The book is in any case an interesting addition to the rest of the schedule for literature on library and change.

2.2 Privatization and competition of municipal services
Privatization area is large and of relevance in several sectors, and there is therefore a lot of literature about both the concept and the more practical aspects of how Privatization can be implemented, and perhaps mainly been carried out. It is full of concepts and terminology that is characterized by both arbitrary and many nuanced definitions, and that allows many different perspectives and standpoints. This is particularly true privatization concept in itself, but also the variable to which privatization is relationship; publicize the concept. John D. Donahue, a professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard), makes in his book The difficult art to privatize private and public service at each other and discuss opportunities in different sectors privatization borderland between these two poler.38 Donahue brings in a clear manner the privatization and the public the pros and cons of different types of activities without a position for or against. He suggests that the privatization decision based on answering some questions about the activity, and thus add nuances privatization as both a solution and a brake. From a Swedish perspective explains Lennart J. Lundqvist for a number of examples of activities characterized by privatiseringssatsningar.39 Lundqvist bone even out the concept of privatization and presents a perspective that came to form the basis for the theory that this thesis is based. As a complement to Lundqvist reasoning about the concept of privatization is an article by Tor Bush, “Grensen mellon private og government in endring “.40

With regard to alternative modes of operation and competition in the municipal sector are a variety of government publications in the form of reports and studies deal with this subject, most of which was published in the 90’s when these issues had a boom in Sweden. These publications follow a similar approach and addresses the pros and disadvantages, risks and opportunities of operating options, and existing structures, and together constitute a comprehensive source of various privatization-related definitions. Foremost two such publications have been of relevance; Competition Competition Committee in the municipal sector and Marie Fridolfs report, Alternative forms of production in municipal operations, commissioned by Lokaldemokratikommittén.41

If the above publications depicting mainly the early 90 century view of privatization so give Lars-Olof Pettersson more of a holistic approach to privatization emerging both within and outside Sweden, from the late 70’s proximity to the 2000s. Pettersson make impact in some important events and highlights the debate that followed. The book is also marked by political orientations, especially within the borders of Sweden and the debate between Social Democrats and Conservatives, and their attitude towards privatization.

2.2.1 Libraries and contracts
Especially in the privatization area is a body of literature directly related the libraries, this because of the relatively large number library facilities whose mode of operation, moved into this area. As a result of the 1990 — century, many experimental works were written several essays and reports on the construction of library, usually with a specific focus on their local libraries. One of the earliest was Jon Einar Spetz essay library outsourcing. If the concept, Åremodellen, debate and opportunities for outsourcing outsourcing of Public Libraries in Norge.42 Its greatest value in this study is that the light shines on the debate surrounding substance, and its effect on various concepts. Present as a front runner sets paper only for the initial phase of Åreentreprenaden. Bosted report is then much more heltäckande.43 Library outsourcing. Citizens and library activities in Åre Municipality: A study of changes in municipal activities dealing with the contract in the creation, implementation and activities after the reinstatement of the municipal service. Bostedt discuss the results accomplished and what changes in general give rise to an organization.

Although library work in Vivalla attention in the early 90s, albeit not to the same extent as in Åre, including Sjogren’s essay on the Library outsourcing: the nature, the ABF’s takeover of the operation of Vivalla Library Örebro, and the debate in lokaltidningarna.44 Several studies of similar focusing on various libraries are available. A more general focus and recent examples is Johanna Hansson and Julia Heed’s thesis Privatization of public libraries — described in policy documents in the 1990 talet.45

There are also some compilation publications, mainly published by the State Arts Council. The Report Library Contracts in the Nordic countries contributing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden round of pleadings chapter on contracts and privatiseringsformer.46

1994 National Arts Council published a further report; Construction – at what price? A study of alternative modes of folkbiblioteken.47 This report describes a clear and transparent manner for different types of privatization, which partly formed the basis for the concepts outlined in this essay.

2.3 Source Critical Reflection
The literature reviewed in this section has various scientific degree, which calls for awareness of the sources are more and less scientifically reliable. One factor that is often used to determine the reliability of a source is scientific inspection, meaning that a publication has been reviewed by researchers in subject area. Magisteruppsatser, for example, are usually not scientifically examined, making this kind of research less suitable as evidence for new trials. Such literature has the scientific context, rather that to the attention problems and inspire research. The same applies to the reports lack scientific review. There are, however, the reports are peer-reviewed. I Generally, a critical position influenced processing of the sources whose Scientific investigation has been ambiguous.

3 Theoretical starting points
This thesis spans over three areas: the text-analytical field, it library-related field, and privatization. Therefore there is a theoretical Based in each of these areas, and these starting points are together the theoretical framework of the paper. The reason that these particular areas designated as the starting point for the theoretical framework is the subject of the paper interdisciplinary nature. To investigate how privatization of the library are presented in journals requires insight and understanding both the concept of privatization, and how phenomenon can be analyzed in the Exchange, and then connected to a social context, and partly library as a phenomenon, in this case biased against the library and change. Below will each of these areas to be examined.

3.1 Discourse Theoretical basis
Discourse theory is an area that covers several different theoretical and methodological approach, and these approaches differ on several points. Common is the focus on language and its importance. Discourse analysis philosophical starting point is that reality can only be meaningful through language / discourse, and that this sentence is variable and depends on the discourse of form and character. Thus is also the discourse towards change omvärlden.48

3.1.1 What is discourse?
Discourse analysis is like saying an umbrella term for a wider range of discourse analytic specializations that take different theoretical positions. One of the most fundamental difference lies in the definition of the concept of discourse is, and how discourse relate to their surroundings. A basic meaning can be attributed to the word discourse is a specific linguistic patterns that characterize a given subject area, a particular social group, etc.. Discourse Analytic Research goes deeper into concept of discourse, and this separation different perspectives about. Some perspective argues that discourses found everywhere in society, beyond the purely character-based communication.

Everything is In other words, discourse. This view is not shared by other approaches, which argue that discourse works in conjunction with other social phenomena, which are therefore diskurser.49 This study will be based on the latter perspective. Because of the varying definitions of discourse I define here how discourse concept is used in the context of this particular essay. As the next section will used to show Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis of this thesis, and the is therefore this theory is the basis for my definition of discourse. Faircloughs theory is based on bringing together two different approaches to discourse, a linguistic and socially. Discourse within linguistics “refer [s] to extended samples of either spoken or written language “.50 Fairclough argues that this discourse: emphasizes interaction between speaker and addressee or between writer and reader, and therefore processes of producing and interpreting speech and writing, as well as the situational context of language use.51

Discourse in the social sense rather address ways of structuring knowledge, and thus contribute to to create this. Certain discourses dominate over others, and discourses are combined in different ways in different social förutsättningar.52 One can deduce this concept of discourse as existing on both a micro and a macro level, where the analysis of micro-level is essential to analyze makronivån.53 Based on this approach, I define discourse as a model for how a phenomenon referred to and treated in a text. This pattern (through discursive practice, see below) is seen as a social act that creates and creation of samhället.54

3.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis
The discourse theoretical basis for this essay is the critical discourse analysis, whose chief spokesman is a linguistics professor Norman Fairclough. Within the critical discourse analysis is considered society composed of different practices, which discursive practices are in semiotically related processes (ie, in speech, writing, pictures, etc..) while social practices are non-semiotic. Everything is in other words, not discourse. Fairclough uses the concept of discourse at three levels. The first level involves discourse as text, where the discourse is maintained at a very linguistic level. The second level deals with discursive practice, which means how texter55 produced, distributed and consumed. Here, then lifted his gaze from the individual text to the world around it. On the third level is the discursive practice in the social practice. Discourse is here through discursive practice, a document of social practice, and thus related into something much larger and broader than the discourse in sig.56

Between the discursive and social practice is a dialectical exchange, which implies that one shapes the other and vice versa. The discursive practice affecting the In other words, the social practice, while the social practice shape the discursive praktiken.57 applied to this thesis, this means that the Swedish trade journals (discursive practice) within the library sector affect the debate and settings (discourse) in libraries Sweden (social practice), while settings and the debate is reflected in professional journals and molds and Library Sweden. We talk about the two practitioners of a constituent (the molds second practitioner) and first (those formed by other practitioners). In other discourse analytic theories are not the dialectical perspective. Everything in society be counted discourse or discursive practice, which then is perfectly constitutional, in contrast to the critical-discursive analysis theory of discursive practice as both Constituent and konstituerad.58

Another fundamental idea in the critical discourse analysis is its’ ideological effects “, where discourse is considered to act as a basis for power relations in samhället.59

Just as discursive practices contribute to shaping the social practitioners as they contribute also to shape and reproduce various power relations. This refers in basis of power between different social groups. In this essay, however, it becomes More significantly, when some images of privatization dominates the other images, and thus illustrates a kind of power relationship between different presentations of a phenomenon. The critical discourse analysis focuses, in other words not only on the discursive practice of
relation to social practice, but also on how this relationship plays a role in promotion of certain interests. More specifically, this ideological aspect of the critical discourse analysis to a specific position held, where the analyst takes position of the subject party, in order to create more equal maktförhållanden.60

This need not in itself mean that the analyst more sympathetic to either side, but rather the unveiling of these power relations is necessary to bring about change. Library

3.2 Theoretical basis
The social reality described above means that the external (social) factors added in relative to the examined discourse. This requires as Fairclough theories outside critical discourse analysis, ie. relevant theories about the world around discourse and the discursive practice. This essay is primarily a theory for this purpose. In light of the arguments surrounding library and change that emerged in introductory sections of the library is a change rooted theoretical basis for its place. Audun Ragnar Johansson is a professor of library and information science at Oslo and discussing his thesis Change processes in public libraries how public libraries handling and responding to changes in biblioteksverksamheten.61 Audun Johansson takes its Based on the thesis that all public libraries in the western tradition is based on same ideological background.62 He occupies an institutionalized approach and dramatically attention hence the existence of specific norms and values in different institutions, where the public library is an institution. These standards will determine how players within the various institutions operating in various situations, including the changes and reformer.63

In addition to this Audun Johansson also believes that the library sector also is characterized by what he terms isomorphism (isomorphy), which means that organizations have a tendency to mimic each other. He points out that there are factors that seem to isomorphism, such as political context, but that there are also elements that contribute to it. This takes Audun Johansson also included organizations such as IFLA and UNESCO as contributing forces, which he says has influenced the shaping and steering the public libraries since 50 — century.

According to Audun’s theory are two main factors that determine whether a reform is greeted with resistance or acceptance of an organization. The first of these factors compatibility concerns the reform of the basic values and the standards organization rests. If reform is contrary to the organization’s standards meet the reform resistance.

The second factor concerns the reform’s source, namely whether reform or initiative to reform originated inside or outside the organization professional game. If the initiative comes from within the organization increase the acceptance of the proposed change. Audun Johansson draw up the following table for these variables.

The result of Audun’s study proved to be more variable and ambiguous than the above table suggests. The thesis implements Audun Johansson one survey of three (one Norwegian, one Swedish and one Hungarian) public libraries. Some of His theories about change in libraries was not confirmed in this study. For example, turned out to reform a source not of significance was expected. It was also found to those in the library that were most actively integrated into the library-related activities (such as participation in conferences, courses, reading of magazines and other items involvement) was generally easier for libraries to move away from institutional care and standards, which was not what was expected. Other factors that Audun Johansson raises is how the turbulence in the surrounding context affect handled reforms, as well as norms and values in some cases seem adapted to facilitate the implementation of reforms as such is unavoidable. Audun Johansson also highlights what he calls institutional leadership and the problems this entails.

Institutional leadership implies that managers or staff of such a leader positions experience a fragmented sense of responsibility, where the expectations and demands from the upper bodies are at odds with loyalty to and responsibility for the institution’s staff.

3.3 Privatization Theoretical basis
What privatization does have a fundamental role in this paper not only to purpose related to the producing, but also to the gathering of materials is dependent on a clear definition. This starting point is thus not in the same manner paper as the previous theories, but it is nonetheless important. I will therefore make an attempt to analyze the various terms (in italics), and establish the starting point that led the conceptual apparatus surrounding the privatization of this essay.

I have based my definition of privatization on Lundqvist’s perspective, where the terms of privatization as “a shift from public to private sector” .65 The privatize In other words, for a task, a movement from one state to another, not to confuse with the static state private or phrases (pre-) privatized or the like, which suggests that the business / activity is closed. Bostedt discuss the static versus the similar process with regard to privatization, and believes that the phenomenon contracts and other similar modes of operation should be called privatiseringsprocesser.66 He related in other words the concept of privatization to the word privatized, ie. the full färdigprivatiserade state. A similar effect is found in Fridolfs report, which Privatization is seen as the sale of (parts of) the Municipal verksamhet.67 Under this perspective, phenomena such as contracts and other modes of operation, which is not completely privatized structures (see below), does not really mean privatization. I assume However, from Lundqvist’s definition of the word privatization indicates activity, and thus not is a static condition, but implicitly suggests a sort of process. The basic idea is thus to distinguish between words privatization (ongoing activity) and privatization (complete task).

The privatization variations below will be addressed dealt with other words in this thesis that different forms of privatisering.68 These forms are not fully privatized, but they are, I believe, nevertheless, forms of privatization. Bush takes a similar approach as Lundqvist, by talking about the different roles (compare Lundqvist’s ‘features’) that can be ingested by either public or private operators, which also illustrates the increasingly vague border between private and public that the Bush attention. He argues that a business is entirely private, first of all areas is controlled privately, and the corresponding part of the public, leading to a number of variations occurring däremellan.70 None of these variations are fully privatized. They are rather between public and private, and the transition to such structures can thus be seen as a movement from one to the other.

I come here to pick up and explain the seven central and widespread privatization variants. The private library: These are generally not open to allmänheten.71 However, it should distinguish between privately owned libraries in private housing and privatized libraries, where they later in greater degree may be open to the public.

Contract: A contract arises when the municipality engages a producer (one contractor) to perform a task normally done by the municipality. This means that the municipality governing the task, while the contractor is to either only producer making / performance, or both funded and utförandet.72
Intraprenaden: A “in the municipal construction”, where the entrepreneur, in other words is within the municipal organisationen.73 difference between a intrapreneur and a traditional municipal-driven business is to intrapreneurs it determines how the work will be conducted.
Staff cooperative: It can be said to be a form of outsourcing, which runs a activities for community benefit, and thus can be said to aim for universal profit rather than egenvinst.74
Spin off: This mode of operation means that one or more employees make up a company and take over operations drift.75
Do cooperative: This is more common in particular childcare. This means that users of an activity, such as a parent, themselves provide for the service. The service includes, however, in the example childcare only usually cooperative’s own children, which may cause variation in other svårapplicerad less specifically targeted verksamheter.76
Association-driven library: The library will mean that different compounds may be municipal grants to pursue library work. Under certain conditions with other words, although this variant to be a form of entreprenad.77

4 Methodology
4.1 Choice of approach
In light of the essay to explore and explain the petitions of privatization, I have chosen discourse analysis as methodological approach. This is a method that well suited for answering questions, and who are commonplace the analysis of texts and documents. The material I have chosen to build the paper in are documents in the form of various types of articles in Swedish library-related journals. Discourse analysis is also suitable particularly well for studies in which the object under examination (text) not only studied but also translated into a social context.

4.2 Choice of method
Discourse analysis as a method involving a wide variety of methods and starting points for analysis. The choice of specification of discourse analysis based on the theoretical and methodological approach best suited for the study purpose and character. For this thesis is this perspective, the critical discourse analysis. The reason for the critical discourse analysis chosen is its approach to the text and the society that shares in a mutual advocacy relationship, which is a key factor in the essay to investigate the reasons for the demonstrated petitions and how these affect their environment. Various steps of the method assumes Faircloughs three-dimensional model (see below), where three aspects of the object under examination is analyzed separately. These three steps are text, which is a part of discursive practice, which is part of social practice. For the latter is required, according to Fairclough, one of the social practice, relevant theory, which in this essay incorporated by the two theoretical utgångspunkterna.78

This table illustrates Faircloughs theory, in which the method is based, around the text, discursive practice and social practice related. The link between text and social practice, in other words, the discursive practice. For a critical discourse analysis is be required to complete method spans all the boxes in the table above, which involves several analytical steps. The following subsection looks in more detail to the Different analytical content of the ladder, and for the boundaries and positions made for this thesis.

4.2.1 Analysis of text
To implement this part describes Fairclough for various kinds of analysis of the text, which dealing with different elements in the text. Different elements can be detected varying depending on the study purpose and the text. All Faircloughs elements will not be analyzed in this essay. A number were selected based on whether they are likely to answer essay questions, and in some cases by modified to better fit the report’s purpose.

4.2.1.1 Ordmening
This analysis is to examine how words create meaning in the text. The basic idea is that a word can have several different meanings, and thus have high potential sentence. Word context (ie the words / statements that define the word) affects the meaning ascribed to it highlights or elimineras.80 For this reason, in order to obtain the image of privatization put forward, this analysis will focus on the defining context, ie. which words / statements that define the phenomenon of privatization. It is this referred to the concepts of defining / meaningful words / statements. A certain modification of this analysis has been done on the ground that it is the defining of privatization as a phenomenon, and not only of the word privatization, which undersöks.81 This phenomenon different meanings are not known in advance, for example, through lexical definitions without meaningful privatization potential created from the defining statements.

4.2.1.2 Modality
Modality is the degree of assent of the speaker / writer and affecting factors as the auxiliary verb used in the utterance formulation. Analysis of this is that clarify the degree of assent in the form of security, ie. whether what they say / down presented as truth or inte.82

4.2.1.3 Metaphors
Another way to examine how a phenomenon is produced is to identify and compare the metaphors used to describe the phenomenon of fråga.83 The metaphor in this context means broad and more inclusive content than is usually associated with this term.84 This analysis can therefore be seen as a breakdown of ordmeningsanalysen, where only statements in the form of metaphors (which are not necessarily included in the ordmeningsanalysen) are analyzed.

4.2.1.4 interactional control
Through analysis of interactional control examines aspects of the trips between actors in a conversation or a dialogue is happening, and how and by whom these tours kontrolleras.85 material for this essay is certainly not to call their own, but is nevertheless largely characterized by a dialogue between different approaches. How privatization is produced is thus linked up to a certain perspective is given priority in any way in the interaction in this dialogue. This delanalys will mainly be focus on texts mention, namely that perspective that tends to get the last word.

4.2.2 Analysis of the discursive practice
The discursive practice can also be analyzed in various ways. A twist is that investigate the factors influencing the setting of a text. Another angle focusing rather on the consumption of a discourse, in which investigations can be made of how readers interpret diskursen.86 A third option focuses on the producer of the discourse, and examines, among other things, how discourses are based on and combined with other discourses (interdiskursivitet) .87 It is primarily this aspect of the discursive practice that will present in this study. It is a factor that is closely related to the linguistic analysis, and thus will build on the results of the analysis of text.

4.2.3 Analysis of social practice
This part of the analysis are fed back to clarifying the (partial) non-discursive under which the discursive practice belongs, ie. different cultural and social conditions and mönster.88 Here is the accompanying theoretical starting points to illustrate each text and the discursive practice can be placed in relation to external conditions. This analysis should also specify the effects of the dialectical relationship between text and social praktik.89

4.2.4 Implementation of the analysis
Here is a section on how the analysis, more specifically, have been implemented. The textual delanalyserna has been implemented in the order mentioned above, but some elements have gone like a thread through all the parts. As a general feature of the analysis I have chosen to divide the material in various fields based on three perspectives that emerged from the material. These perspectives are the advocacy, the questioning and the neutral perspective. …..Continue to part two

Articles, Bibliometrics, Library management, Research
Audun Johansson, change, discourse analysis, Fairclough, library, library; change; privatization; Audun Johansson, privatization, the library's core values, the library's core values; Fairclough